Vascular Reconstructions. Anatomy, Exposures and Techniques

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Basic Principles in Vascular Reconstructions
	1: Vascular Instruments
		Vascular Clamps
		Valvulotomes
		Carotid Shunts
		Reference
	2: Vascular Grafts, Patches, and Sutures
		Vascular Grafts
		Autogenous Conduits
			Greater Saphenous Vein
			Lesser Saphenous Vein
			Femoral-Popliteal Vein
			Arm Veins (Basilic and Cephalic)
			Composite Bypass
			Internal Iliac Artery
		Homologous Grafts
			Umbilical Vein Grafts
			Cryopreserved Veins
			Aortic Allograft
		Bovine Grafts
		Prosthetic Grafts
			Textile Grafts
			Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene
		Vascular Patches
		Vascular Sutures
		Silk Sutures
		Braided Polyester Sutures (Mersilene, Dacron, Ethibond)
		Polypropylene Sutures (Prolene, Surgipro, Surgilene)
		Polybutester Sutures
		Polytetrafluoroethylene Sutures
		Needle Size
		References
	3: Vascular Anatomy and Exposures
		Arteries of the Neck and Upper Extremity
			Anatomy of the Subclavian and Vertebral ARteries
				The Subclavian Artery
				The Vertebral Artery
			Exposure of the Innominate and Subclavian Arteries
				Median Sternotomy
				Trapdoor Thoracotomy
				Left Anterior Thoracotomy
				Supraclavicular Exposure of the Subclavian Artery
			Exposure of the Vertebral Artery
			Anatomy of the Axillary and Brachial Arteries
				The Axillary Artery
				The Brachial Artery
				Exposure of the Axillary Artery
				Exposure of the Brachial Artery
			Anatomy of the Radial and Ulnar Arteries
				The Radial Artery
				The Ulnar Artery
			Exposure of the Radial and Ulnar Arteries
				Exposure of the Radial Artery
			Anatomy of the Carotid Artery
				The External Carotid Artery
				The Internal Carotid Artery
				Carotid Artery Exposure
				High Exposure of the Internal Carotid Artery
		Abdominal Aorta and Its Branches
			Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta and Its Branches
				The Abdominal Aorta
				The Celiac Artery
				The Common Hepatic Artery
				The Superior Mesenteric Artery
				The Renal Arteries
				The Inferior Mesenteric Artery
				The Common Iliac Artery
				Exposure of the Abdominal Aorta and Its Branches
					Transabdominal Exposure of the Infrarenal Aorta
					Transabdominal Exposure of the Juxtarenal Aorta and Renal Arteries
				Exposure of the Left Renal Artery (Figs. 3.35 and 3.36)
					Transabdominal Exposure of the Left Renal Artery
				Exposure of the Right Renal Artery (Figs. 3.37, 3.38, and 3.39)
					Transabdominal Exposure of the Right Renal Artery
				Exposure of the Aorta and Its Branches at the Diaphragm
				Transperitoneal Blind Dissection of the Supraceliac Aorta
				Transperitoneal Exposure of the Supraceliac Aorta
				Transperitoneal Exposure of the Celiac Artery
				Exposure of the Hepatic Artery
					Transabdominal Exposure of the Common Hepatic Artery
				Transperitoneal Exposure of the Superior Mesenteric Artery
					Transabdominal Exposure of the Superior Mesenteric Artery
				Exposure of the Suprarenal Abdominal Aorta and Its Branches Through a Medial Visceral Rotation
				Retroperitoneal Exposures of the Abdominal Aorta and Its Branches
				Details of the Left Retroperitoneal Exposure
					Retroperitoneal Exposure of the Abdominal Aorta
				Retroperitoneal Approach to the Suprarenal Aorta and Its Branches
				Thoracoabdominal Exposure of the Thoracic and Upper Abdominal Aorta
				Transperitoneal Exposure of the Iliac Arteries
				Retroperitoneal Exposure of the Iliac Arteries
		Arteries of the Lower Extremity
			Anatomy of the Arteries of the Lower Extremities
				The Common Femoral Artery
				The Profunda Femoris Artery
				The Superficial Femoral Artery
				The Popliteal Artery
				The Anterior Tibial Artery
				The Peroneal Artery
				The Posterior Tibial Artery
				Exposure of the Common Femoral Artery and Its Bifurcation
				Medial Exposure of the Proximal Profunda Femoris Artery
				Medial Exposure of the Mid- and Distal Zones of the Profunda Femoris Artery
				Medial Exposure of the Superficial Femoral Artery in the Upper Thigh
				Lateral Exposure of the Common Femoral Artery and Its Bifurcation
					Medial Exposure of the Suprageniculate Popliteal Artery
					Medial Exposure of the Suprageniculate Popliteal Artery
				Lateral Exposure of the Suprageniculate Popliteal Artery
					Lateral Exposure of the Suprageniculate Popliteal Artery
				Medial Exposure of the Infrageniculate Popliteal Artery
					Medial Exposure of the Infrageniculate Popliteal Artery and Its Trifurcation
					Lateral Exposure of the Infrageniculate Popliteal Artery
				Posterior Exposure of the Popliteal Artery (Fig. 3.75)
				Exposure of the Posterior Tibial Artery in the Upper Leg (Figs. 3.76, 3.77, 3.78, 3.79, 3.80, and 3.81)
					Exposure of the Posterior Tibial Artery
				Exposure of the Posterior Tibial Artery at the Ankle
				Exposure of the Plantar Arteries (Fig. 3.82)
				Medial Exposure of the Peroneal Artery (Figs. 3.83 and 3.84)
				Lateral Exposure of the Peroneal Artery
				Exposure of the Anterior Tibial Artery
					Exposure of the Anterior Tibial Artery
				Lateral Exposure of the Anterior Tibial Artery in the Lower Leg
		Veins of the Upper and Lower Extremities
			Anatomy of the Veins of the Upper Extremity
				The Cephalic Vein
				The Basilic Vein
			Exposure of the Veins of the Upper Extremity
				Exposure of the Cephalic Vein
				Exposure of the Basilic Vein
			Anatomy of the Veins of the Lower Extremity
				The Greater Saphenous Vein
				The Lesser Saphenous Vein
				The Superficial Femoral Vein
				Exposure of the Greater Saphenous Vein
				Exposure of the Lesser Saphenous Vein
				Exposure of the Superficial Femoral Vein
		References
	4: Basic Steps in Vascular Reconstructions
		Blood Vessel Exposure
		Blood Vessel Dissection
		Tunneling
		Anticoagulation
		Blood Vessel Control
			Vascular Clamps
			Silastic Vessel Loops
			Internal Occluders
			External Pneumatic Tourniquet
		Creation of a Blood Vessel Incision
		Preparation of a Patch
		Preparation of a Bypass
		Construction of the Suture Line
			Introduction of the Needle
			Size of the Bite
			Tying Guidelines
		Securing Hemostasis
		Evaluating the Vascular Reconstruction
	5: Hemostasis
		Suture Ligation
		Closure of Large Transected Artery
		Repair of Loose Suture Line
		Repair of Longitudinal Tears
			Suture Ligation
				Small Vessels
			Suture Ligation
				Lumbar Vessels
			Suture Ligation
				Inferior Mesenteric Artery
			Closure of a Large Transected Artery
		Closure of Large Transected Artery
		Closure of a Large Transected Artery
		Repair of Loose Suture Line
		Repair of Loose Suture Line
		Repair of Loose Suture Line
		Repair of Longitudinal Tears
		Repair of Longitudinal Tears
	6: Thrombectomy–Embolectomy
		Thrombectomy–Embolectomy
			Incision Type
			Minimizing Blood Loss
			Avoiding Vessel Trauma
			Achieving a Complete Thrombectomy–Embolectomy
			Thrombectomy–Embolectomy of the Lower Extremity Vessels
			Evaluating the Completion and Result of the Thrombectomy–Embolectomy
			Examination of Retrieved Thrombi
				Thrombo–Embolectomy
					Minimizing Blood Loss
				Thrombo–Embolectomy
					Minimizing Blood Loss
				Thrombo–Embolectomy
					Minimizing Blood Loss
				Thrombo–Embolectomy
					Thrombo–Embolectomy of Lower Extremity Vessels
				Thrombo–Embolectomy
					Fluoroscopic-Guided Thrombo–Embolectomy of Lower Extremity Vessels
		References
	7: Endarterectomy
		Open Endarterectomy
			Tacking the Endarterectomy Endpoint
		Eversion Endarterectomy
			Open Endarterectomy
			Open Endarterectomy
			Open Endarterectomy
				Tacking Sutures
			Open Endarterectomy
				Tacking Sutures
			Open Endarterectomy
				Tacking Sutures
			Eversion Endarterectomy
Part II: Basic Vascular Reconstructions
	8: Closure of an Arteriotomy
		Primary Closure of a Transverse Arteriotomy
		Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
			Primary Closure of a Transverse Arteriotomy
				Continuous Sutures
			Primary Closure of a Transverse Arteriotomy
				Continuous Sutures
			Primary Closure of a Transverse Arteriotomy
				Interrupted Sutures
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Anchor Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Anchor Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Anchor Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Anchor Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Anchor Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Anchor Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Anchor Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Parachute Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Parachute Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Parachute Technique
			Patch Closure of a Longitudinal Arteriotomy
				Parachute Technique
		Reference
	9: End-to-Side Anastomosis
		Geometry of an End-to-Side Anastomosis
		End-to-Side Anastomosis: Anchor Technique
		End-to-Side Anastomosis: Parachute Technique
			Anchor Technique
				Simple Anchoring Sutures
			Anchor Technique Horizontal Mattress Anchoring Sutures
			Anchor Technique
			Anchor Technique
			Parachute Technique
			Parachute Technique Starting a Few Bites from the Center of the Heel
			Parachute Technique: Starting at the Center of the Apex
		References
	10: End-to-End Anastomosis
		End-to-End Anastomosis in Large Vessels of Comparable Diameter (8 mm or Greater in Diameter)
		End-to-End Anastomosis in Small Vessels of Comparable Diameter (6 mm or Smaller in Diameter)
		End-to-End Anastomosis Between Vessels of Unequal Caliber
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Anchor Technique
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Anchor Technique
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Anchor Technique
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Anchor Technique
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Triangulation Technique
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Triangulation Technique
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Triangulation Method
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Triangulation Technique
			Large Vessels, Freely Movable: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Triangulation Technique
			Large Vessels, Fixed: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Parachute Technique
			Large Vessels, Fixed: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Parachute Technique
			Large Vessels, Fixed: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Parachute Technique
			Large Vessels, Fixed: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				Parachute Technique
			Small Vessels: Beveled Transection
				Anchor Technique
			Small Vessels: Beveled Transection
				Anchor Technique
			Small Vessels: Beveled Transection
				Anchor Technique
			Small Vessels: Beveled Transection
				Anchor Technique
			Small Vessels: Beveled Transection
				Anchor Technique
			Small Vessels: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				End-to-End Anastomosis with Anterior Patch Angioplasty
			Small Vessels: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				End-to-End Anastomosis with Anterior Patch Angioplasty
			Small Vessels: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				End-to-End Anastomosis with Anterior Patch Angioplasty
			Small Vessels: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				End-to-End Anastomosis with Anterior Patch Angioplasty
			Small Vessels: Transection Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
				End-to-End Anastomosis with Anterior Patch Angioplasty
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter: Beveled Transection
				Combined Technique: Anchor Heel, Parachute Apex
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter: Beveled Transection
				Combined Technique: Anchor Heel, Parachute Apex
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter: Beveled Transection
				Combined Technique: Anchor Heel, Parachute Apex
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter: Beveled Transection
				Combined Technique: Anchor Heel, Parachute Apex
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter: Beveled Transection
				Combined Technique: Anchor Heel, Parachute Apex
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter: Beveled Transection
				Combined Technique: Anchor Heel, Parachute Apex
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter
				End-to-Side: Functional End-to-End
			Vessels of Unequal Diameter
				End-to-Side: Functional End-to-End
			Two Vessels of Unequal Diameter
				Composite Vein Bypass
		References
	11: Side-to-Side Anastomosis
		Anchor Technique
		Anchor Technique
		Parachute Technique
		Parachute Technique
		Parachute Technique
		Parachute Technique
Part III: Infrainguinal Bypass Surgery
	12: Adjunctive Techniques: Proximal Anastomosis of an Infrainguinal Bypass
		Saphenofemoral Junction with Femoral Vein Cuff
		T-Junction
		Patch Angioplasty of the Inflow Vessel
		Patch Angioplasty of the Hood of the Bypass
		Incorporation of Profundaplasty
		Sartorius Muscle Flap
			Gracilis Muscle Flap
			Saphenofemoral Junction with Femoral Vein Cuff
			T-Junction
		Patch Angioplasty of the Inflow Vessel
			Patch Angioplasty of the Hood of the Bypass
			Incorporation of Profundaplasty in the Proximal Anastomosis
			Sartorius Muscle Flap
			Gracilis Muscle Flap
		References
	13: Adjunctive Techniques: Distal Anastomosis of an Infrainguinal Prosthetic Bypass
		Vein Patches and Cuffs
			Linton Patch
			Miller Cuff
			Taylor Patch
			Vein Patches and Cuffs
				Linton Patch
			Vein Patches and Cuffs
				Miller Cuff
			Vein Patches and Cuffs
				Miller Cuff
			Vein Patches and Cuffs
				Miller Cuff
			Vein Patches and Cuffs
				Miller Cuff Modification
			Vein Patches and Cuffs
				Taylor Patch
			Vein Patches And Cuffs
				Taylor Patch
			Vein Patches and Cuffs
				Taylor Patch
		Arteriovenous Fistulae
			Arteriovenous Fistulae
				Side-to-Side
			Arteriovenous Fistulae
				Side-to-Side
			Arteriovenous Fistulae
				Side-to-Side
		References
			REFERENCES
Part IV: Aortic Surgery
	14: Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Replacement: Proximal Anastomosis
		General Principles
		Intact Posterior Wall
		Transected Posterior Wall
			General Principles
			General Principles
			General Principles
			General Principles
			General Principles
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Anchor Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Anchor Technique
			Introduce the needle 2–3 mm away from the previous suture. Repeat the same in the back wall of the aorta. Intact Posterior Wall
				Anchor Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Anchor Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Anchor Technique
			Intact Posterior Wall
				Anchor Technique
			Transected Posterior Wall
				Parachute Technique; Anchor Technique
			Transected Posterior Wall
				Interrupted Mattress Sutures
			Transected Posterior Wall
				Interrupted Mattress Sutures
	15: Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Replacement: Proximal Anastomosis
		Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
		Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Proximal Anastomosis Incorporating the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
			Reimplantation of the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Right Renal Arteries on an Aortic Patch
	16: Pelvic Revascularization During Aortic Reconstruction
		Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
		Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
			Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
				End-to-End Aortobifemoral Bypass
			Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
				End-to-End Aortobifemoral Bypass
			Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
				End-to-End Aortobifemoral Bypass
			Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
				End-to-End Aortobifemoral Bypass
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Aortic Bifurcation
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Aortic Bifurcation
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Aortic Bifurcation
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Aortic Bifurcation
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Aortic Bifurcation
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Aortic Bifurcation
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Common Iliac Artery
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Common Iliac Artery
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Common Iliac Artery
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Common Iliac Artery
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Common Iliac Artery
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Internal Iliac Artery with Reimplantation of the External Iliac Artery
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the Internal Iliac Artery with Reimplantation of the External Iliac Artery
			Aortoiliac Aneurysmal Disease
				Distal Anastomosis to the External Iliac Artery with a Bypass to the Internal Iliac Artery
		References
	17: Inferior Mesenteric Artery Reimplantation
		Management of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery During Aortic Aneurysm Replacement
	18: Coverage of Abdominal Aortic Grafts
		Aneurysm Wall Wrap
		Omental Flaps
			Aneurysm Wall Wrap
			Aneurysm Wall Wrap
			Omental Flaps
			Omental Flaps
		References
Part V: Endovascular Surgery
	19: Basic Angiography: Radiation Safety, Power Injector Use, and Image Intensifier Positioning
		Radiation Safety
		Use of the Power Injector
		Image Intensifier Positioning
		Suggested Reading
	20: General Considerations for Endovascular Access
		Femoral Artery Access
			Percutaneous Access
			Suture-Mediated Closure (Pre-Close Technique)
		Brachial Artery Access
			Percutaneous Access
			Open Surgical Exposure
		Axillary Artery Access
			Open Surgical Exposure
			Percutaneous Access
		Radial Artery Access
			Background
			Technique
		References
	21: Wires, Sheaths, and Catheters
		Guidewires
			Tip Design
			Length
			Thickness
			Stiffness
			Hydrophilic Coating
			Selection
			Torque Devices
		Sheaths and Guiding Catheters
			Sheaths
			Guiding Catheters
			Selection of Sheaths
		Catheters
			Length
			Diameter
			Types
				Nonselective Flush Catheters
				Selective Catheters
			Catheter Selection
		Suggested Reading
	22: Balloons: Plain, Drug-Coated, and Cutting
		Balloon Angioplasty
		Types of Balloon Catheter
		Angioplasty Technique: General Principles
		Balloon Compliance
		Special Balloon Types
			Drug-Coated Balloons
			Cutting Balloon
		References
	23: Endovascular Stenting
		Percutaneous Access
		Initial Imaging
		Crossing a Lesion
		Stent Selection
		Technique
			Self-Expanding Stents
			Balloon-Expandable Stents
		References
	24: Adjunctive Endovascular Tools
		Intravascular Ultrasound
			Peripheral Endovascular Interventions
			Aortic Dissection
			Venous Stenting
		Embolic Protection Devices
			Distal Protection
				Balloon Occlusion
				Filters
			Proximal Protection
				Balloon Occlusion
				Transcarotid Artery Revascularization
		References
	25: The Use of Preoperative Imaging for Planning Endovascular and Hybrid Procedures
		Ultrasound
			Surface Ultrasonography
			Intravascular Ultrasound
		Computed Tomography Angiography
			Neurovascular Circulation
			Peripheral Vasculature
			Aorta and Viscera
		Magnetic Resonance Angiography
			Neurovascular Circulation
			Peripheral Vasculature
			Aorta and Visceral Arteries
		Conclusions: Preoperative Imaging Modalities
		Advanced Adjuncts
			Three-Dimensional Imaging
			Fusion Imaging
			Conclusions
		References
	26: Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: Endovascular Management
		Risk Factor Reduction and Medical Management
		Endovascular Repair
			Indications
			Iliac Artery Stenting
			Endovascular Aortoiliac Reconstruction
		Hybrid Procedures
		References
	27: Peripheral Vascular Disease II: Infrainguinal Disease and Atherectomy
		Introduction
		Classification of Atherectomy Devices
		Basic Steps of Endovascular Interventions
		Directional Atherectomy
			Case
			Evidence
		Orbital Atherectomy
			Case
			Evidence
		Excimer Laser Atherectomy
			Case
			Evidence
		Rotational Atherectomy
		Summary
		References
	28: Renal Artery and Visceral Artery Endovascular Interventions
		Preoperative Diagnostic Imaging
		Renal Artery Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease
			Nonselective Diagnostic Abdominal Aorta–Renal Artery Angiogram and Selective Diagnostic Renal Artery Angiogram
			Stenosis of the Proximal to Mid Renal Artery
			Distal Renal Artery Stenosis
			Ostial Renal Artery Stenosis
		Visceral Artery Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease
			Nonselective Diagnostic Abdominal Aorta–Visceral Artery Angiogram and Selective Diagnostic Superior Mesenteric Artery Angiogram
			Ostial Superior Mesenteric Artery Stenosis
			Celiac Artery Occlusive Disease
		Alternative Access Approaches
		Conclusion
		Suggested Reading
	29: Endovascular Treatment of Carotid and Subclavian Artery Stenosis
		Indications for Carotid Stenting
		Approach Considerations for Carotid Stenting
			Preoperative Imaging
			Preoperative Medical Treatment
			Transfemoral Versus Transcervical Approach
			Stent Choice and Distal Embolic Protection
		Transfemoral Carotid Cannulation and Stenting
			Toolkit
			Procedure
		Transcervical Carotid Artery Revascularization (TCAR)
			Toolkit
			Procedure
			Neurologic Intolerance
			Kinking at the Clavicle
		Complications
			Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
			Hemodynamic Instability
		Subclavian Access and Intervention
			Femoral Versus Brachial Access
			Toolkit
			Angioplasty/Stenting Options
		References
	30: Endovascular Aortic Repair (EVAR and TEVAR)
		Preoperative Considerations
			Preoperative Testing and Procedures
			Stent Graft Sizing and Selection
				Access
				Landing Zones
				Sizing
		Operative Technique
			Setting Up the Operating Room
			Access
				Percutaneous Access
				Femoral Cutdown
			TEVAR Technique
				Initial Angiogram
				Device Deployment
				Graft Molding
			EVAR Technique
				Initial Angiogram
				Device Deployment
				Graft Molding
		Final Angiogram and Closure
		Suggested Reading
	31: Endovascular Therapy for Thoracic Aortic Dissection and Intramural Hematoma
		Introduction
		Preoperative and Postoperative Imaging
		Intraoperative Imaging
		Preoperative Planning
		Equipment for Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair
		Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair: Step-by-Step Procedure
			Accessing the Femoral Artery
			Insertion of 0.035 Guidewire, Sheath, and Support Catheter
			Exchange to Stiff Wire
			Intravascular Ultrasound
			Place Device into Position
			Aortogram
			Deploy Stent Graft
			Aortogram to Confirm
		Extended TEVAR
		Pearls of TEVAR for Aortic Dissection
		References
	32: Fenestrated and Branched Endografts
		Introduction
		Stent-Graft Designs
			Cook Zenith Fenestrated Stent-Graft
			Cook p-Branch
			Cook t-Branch
			WL Gore Thoracoabdominal Branched Endoprosthesis (TAMBE)
		Preoperative Planning
		Technique
			Arterial Access
			On-Lay Fusion CT
			Device Deployment
			Target-Vessel Stenting
			Extent I-III Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms
			Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
			Access Site Closure
		Summary
		References
	33: Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolus Thrombolysis and Endovascular Treatment
		Introduction
		Deep Vein Thrombosis
			Natural History
			Medical Therapy
			Endovascular Therapy
				Choice of Endovascular Thrombolysis
				Results of Therapy Studies
				Overall Conclusions Related to Endovascular Therapy
		Endovascular Devices
			Inari Medical ClotTriever® Thrombectomy System
			Inari Medical FlowTriever® Thrombectomy System
				The FLARE Study
			Indigo® Mechanical Thrombectomy System
			JETi® Thrombectomy System
			AngioJet™ Thrombectomy System
			AngioVac® Cannula and Circuit
			EKOS® Thrombectomy System
		References
	34: Great Saphenous Vein Endovenous Treatment
		General Principles
		Evaluation of Venous Insufficiency
		Indications for Endovenous Treatment
		General Ablation Techniques
			Patient Preparation
			Procedure Room Setup
			Patient Setup and Venous Access
		Thermal Endovenous Ablation Techniques
			Endovenous Laser Ablation
			Radiofrequency Ablation
		Mechanicochemical Ablation
		Adhesive Ablation
		Subsequent Care
		References
	35: IVC Filter Placement and Removal
		Introduction
		IVC Filter Placement
			General Principles
			Transfemoral Approach
			Transjugular Approach
		IVC Filter Retrieval
			Standard Retrieval Technique
			Advanced Retrieval Techniques
				Balloon Repositioning
				Wire Loop Technique
				Rigid Endobronchial Forceps
				Two-Sheath Dissection
				Lead Extractor Laser Technique
			Additional Retrieval Considerations
		References
	36: Miscellaneous Helpful Techniques
		Snaring
		Use of Touhy-Borst Adapter
		Brachial Access
		Palmaz Stent
		Evaluating Proximal Dialysis Access
Appendix: Vascular Anastomosis Workshop
	Purpose
	Description
	Workshop Tools
	Exercises to Be Performed in the Workshop
	Exercises to Be Performed in the Workshop
Index